Temporal Variation in Water Column Structure in Estuary

Temporal Variation in Water Column Structure in Estuary Panourgias Siderakos Temporal variation in water column structure, transmissometry, and fluorometry in a macrotidal estuary Abstract The temporal variation in water column structure, transmissometry and fluorometry was observed and monitored on the 10th of November 2016 in Southampton Water, over a half tidal cycle (approximately from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.). That specific day a neap tide behaviour occurred. Variable measurements were performed on the Callista vessel and also with the CTD device. Additionally, nutrient and zooplankton measurements took place in order to acquire more data. The chlorophyll concentrations that were measured showed low values with an average value of 0.7 to 0.8 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l. The maximum values were observed during the transition from the high-tide time to the low-tide time (almost 1.1 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l). Temperature, light and salinity measurements performed a small change during the day, in relation to depth. The data that were collected and processed imply that the main factor that influences the temporal variation in water column structure is the tidal cycle of the specific area concerned. This cycle, and its currents, is responsible for the general behaviour of the water column (how much stratified or mixed is).          1. Introduction Estuaries are very diverse systems. This is due to the existence of very shallow waters, which in relation to other various factors, can potentially affect the temporal variation in water column structure, transmissometry and fluorometry. Perhaps, the most essential factor that must be taken into consideration in Southampton estuarine environment, on a daily basis, is the Spring Neap tidal cycle. Southampton Water forms the north-westerly extension of the Solent System on the south coast of England, and forms the estuary of three chalk-derived rivers: Test, Itchen and Hamble. The area has an unusual tidal pattern, where the interaction of the M4 and M6 tidal constituents (usually during a Spring tide) creates a double high water. This high water stand can last up to 3h, reducing the time for the ebb phase. This tidal asymmetry leads to 6h of moderate flood currents and 4h of rapid ebb velocities (1.5 m/sec). The flood phase has also a slack period (young flood stand), where the tidal currents become temporarily weaker. The foregoing factors generate stronger mixing during the ebb phase showing also an increase from a Neap to a Spring tide (Lauria et al., 1999). The present survey aims to identify and clarify at the same time the patterns influencing physical and biological parameters and the processes linking these patterns in a macrotidal estuary, more specifically the Southampton Water estuary. Furthermore, these patterns must also be examined if they differ, during other tidal states and at different times of year. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Survey area The survey area was Southampton Water. A shallow, partially mixed coastal plain estuary. It is located on the south coast of England. Its length is 10 km and has a width of 2 km with a dredged central shipping channel of 15m below mean tide. It is essentially marine in character, with little variation in salinity number (~30) in the mouth. Stratification occurs mostly at the head of the estuary. Water temperature within Southampton Water varies according to the season, with minimum winter temperatures below 7 ° C and maximum summer temperature above 17 ° C. (Williams et al., 2006) 2.2. Materials and Methods Sampling took place over an approximate 7 hour time period on the 10th of November 2016. The area was in a small radius of 0.5 nautical miles from the position 50 ° 52.259 ´ N and 001 ° 22.348 ´ E (data-buoy coordinates). During the day, a neap tide was occurring. The tide cycle involved two high-tides and one low-tide. First high tide took place at 07:57 local time (4.17 m) and the second one at 20:07 local time (4.08m). The low tide between them was at 12:37 (1.85m) (Southampton Tide Times internet site). Samples were collected using the research vessel Callista of the National Oceanographic Centre. The winds had a Northeast direction and varied from 10 to 20 knots speed. However, the sea state was around 3 (~0.5 m wave height) and the cloud coverage varied from 3 to 6 octal. The survey plan that had to be followed was a continuous measurement (every half hour) from approximately 09:00 to 16:00 (local time), averaged in every meter of depth for later processing. Vertical profiles of conductivity (salinity), temperature, density, transmissometry and fluorescence were obtained using a CTD. On the CTD, a transmissometer and a fluorometer were mounted, along with the Niskin bottles for water sampling. Although there is not going to be an analytical description of their abilities and their ranges of measurement, a list of the devices that were used both on Callista and on the CTD is shown below: CTD SeaBird SBE 19+V2 RDI Workhorse Mariner 600kHz ADCP Biospherical Instruments Inc. QCP2300 Irradiance Sensor C-Star 25cm Transmissometer FL-NTU(RT) Fluorometer The Aanderaa SOOGUARD system Enviro-T In-Line Fluorometer Oxygen Optode 4330/4330F Conductivity Sensor 4319 Temperature Sensor 4060 Samples of water were collected with the Niskin bottles at two depths every one hour. The first one at 1m below sea surface and the second one around 2m above sea bed. These samples were obtained for further chlorophyll, phosphate and silica analysis. Chlorophyll-a was measured with the method of acetone extraction. Silica and phosphate concentrations were measured in the chemistry lab at the National Oceanographic Center, from the samples that were collected by the groups on the RIB. Current speed and direction could not be measured because the sensor was out of order. Zooplankton measurements were made and samples were also collected. The first occurred at the beginning of the boat trip (from 09:37 to 09:43 local time) and the second one at the end of it (from 15:45 to 15:50 local time). Special zooplankton nets were used and the samples were kept in special chemical liquid (formaldehyde) for preserving, until it was processed. Essential data were also collected from the Xylem Analytics UK EMM700 Data Buoy in Southampton Water. The buoys coordinates are 50 ° 52.259 ´ N and 001 ° 22.348 ´ E and the data involved air temperature, water temperature, wind direction, wind speed, PH, Chlorophyll, O‚‚ etc. The collected data concerned the time periods between February 2016 to October 2016 and also the week from 7th to 11th of November 2016 (Boat Week). 3. Results 3.1. Tide In the morning, when the sampling begun, the tide height was decreasing until 12:37 (local time) to the height of 1.85m (ebb phase). After that, the tide height increased again until the end of the survey (flood phase) and headed to its second high tide for the day at 4.08m (20:07 local time). Despite the fact that there were no data obtained for the tide currents speed and their direction because of the non-functioning sensor, taking into consideration the Nautical Charts from the British Hydrographic Service for the specific area, we observe that tide currents have different directions during the day (tide cycle) and their velocity varies from 0.5 to 2 m/sec, approximately. In figure 1, the half-tide cycle of the day is demonstrated and also the Potential Energy Anomaly, derived from the different densities and energies at each depth, showing a value of average stratification for each station. 3.2. Temperature-Salinity The water column demonstrated a temperature variation between +11.1 and +11.5  °C (fig. 2(a)). In the meantime, salinity values were measured between 33.0 and 34.0 units (fig. 2(b)). Temperature decreased with depth while salinity increased. The small range variation of the vertical temperature and salinity profiles, imply that the water column was partially mixed throughout the whole sampling time period. A small water mass with high salinity is observed at the depth of 6.5 m at 13:00 (local time) which is obviously a more saline, sea-water mass below the fresher river-water masses. The temperature distribution seems more homogeneous with depth. The two figures show a relative resemblance, as more saline water goes deeper. As a result, during the day hours, when the sun light still exists, the deeper we go in the water column, the colder it gets. 3.3. Chlorophyll fluorescence Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were very low during the survey, demonstrating values between 0.55 and 1.15 approximately (fig. 3 (a)). A water mass of higher chlorophyll fluorescence was observed near the water surface around 13:30 (local time). However, chlorophyll did not demonstrate any essential changes, being almost homogeneous in relation to depth, which implies a well-mixed water column as well. 3.4. Light Transmission Light transmission measurements also showed a very well mixed water column. The measured values had a small range and demonstrated from 2.7 % to 3.15% maximum (fig. 3 (b)). In this figure, the vertical profile of the percentage of light that is transmitted is shown. The light transmission plot also agrees with the chlorophyll fluorescence plot. A small area of 2 meters depth (from 5 to 7 meters depth) was observed between 10:00 and 11:00 with the highest values of transmission (3,15%), but this was, possibly, a random phenomenon. 4. Discussion 4.1. Temperature and Salinity According to the measurements that were made and the width of change, no significant pattern of temperature change was observed in relation to depth. Southampton Water temperatures vary from a winter minimum of 17 ° C (June-August) (Muxagata et al., 2004). Temperature homogeneity in relation to depth signifies that temperature is not playing any essential role in the estuary dynamics, nor the estuary water stratification. General speaking, temperature indeed enhances the growth of phytoplankton while in most temperate marine systems seasonal thermal stratification is the main factor that triggers the start of spring bloom. In the marine environment of Southampton, it seems that temperature is not the most important factor. (Iriarte et al., 2004). Salinity did not play any significant role either. The range of values that were measured was really small. However, the contour of salinity in relation to depth implies a more stratified water column than that of the temperature. As a result, salinity is more important than temperature in affecting the estuarine stratification. 4.2. Chlorophyll Chlorophyll concentrations did not demonstrate a big change either. The general measured values were very small (~0.5 to 1.1 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l), which phenomenon agrees with the general rate of chlorophyll growth in Southampton Water during autumn. This fact can also be observed in figure (4), where the buoy data from February 2016 to October 2016 are shown. It can be clearly stated that the largest chlorophyll growth occurs in August, simply related to temperature and weather conditions (low winds-low seas states). However, chlorophyll blooms which happen in spring and summer, coincide with the period of relatively low Spring tide, followed by a Neap tide. The higher degree of stability in the water column allows growth to occur without the greater flushing that is experienced at Spring tide. The reestablishment of high Spring tides caused chlorophyll levels to fall as the estuary was flushed (Wright et al., 1997). Moreover, phytoplankton populations can show changes from seasonal and inter-annual variations, but more extended variations occur during periods of low mixing on Neap tides (Lauria et al., 1999). The tide cycle in Spring and Neap tides is probably one of the most important factors in the phytoplankton growth. As long as the pattern in Southampton Water is concerned, the seasonal distribution of chlorophyll-a showed low winter values followed by a spring peak during the last week of April and intermediate concentrations during summer, dropping to pre-spring bloom levels by October (Purdie et al., 2004). 4.3. Light The measurements with the Secchi disk and the transmissometer in the water implied the fact. That light did not play a key-role in the general growth of phytoplankton in the Southampton Water. Furthermore, figure 5 shows the turbidity (%) of the water during the day. Although the changes are very small, it can be observed that after 12:00 (local time), when the ebb phase of the tide cycle approaches and the mean water depth decreases, the values slightly increase. This also draws a conclusion that the light influence on the water column is mainly affected by the tidal cycle. 4.4 Nutrients-Zooplankton Although not shown in figures in this report, nutrient concentrations in the Southampton Water were mainly affected by the tidal cycle. All the measurements that were made during this survey supported the fact mentioned above. Silica and phosphate measurements showed that their behaviors were affected mainly by the tide cycle. In addition, special measurements also revealed that during the ebb phase, zooplankton was moved, probably with the water masses that the tide currents moved. This fact also resulted in a significant decrease in zooplankton numbers. The most abundant species were copepods (while all the other species had an almost null value), whose numbers indicated a decrease of around 30% after the ebb phase (zooplankton measurement No 2). Words: 2156 References Iriarte, A., Purdie, D.A., 2004. Factors controlling the timing of major spring bloom events in an UK south coast estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 679-690. Lauria, M.L., Purdie, D.A., 1999. Contrasting phytoplankton distributions controlled by tidal turbulence in an estuary. Journal of Marine Systems 21, 189-197. Williams, J.A., Muxagata, E., 2006. The seasonal abundance and production of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Southampton Water. Journal of Plankton Research 28, 1055-1065. Wright, P.N., Hydes, D.J., Waddington, I., Rawlinson, M., 1997. Real time chlorophyll and nutrient data from a new marine data buoy in Southampton Water, UK. Electronic Engineering in Oceanography, 73 78. Figure 1: The Neap Tidal Pattern during the sampling period (10:00-16:00 local time-GMT) and the Potential Energy Anomaly (a) (b) Figure 2 (a): Water temperature contour in relation to depth, during the sampling period (b): Water salinity contour in relation to depth, during the sampling period (b) Figure (3) (a): Plot of Chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to depth, during the day (b): Plot of Light Transmission in relation to depth, during the day Figure (4): Chlorophyll concentration and water temperature in relation to time (from February 2016 to October 2016) Figure 5: Turbidity in relation to depth, during the day   Ã‚  

The basis is the desire to achieve purity of views on life

Primitivism is one of the greatest events in European Art, which appeared in the beginning of XX century as a result of interest of professional artists to traditional creative works of nations of Africa, America and Oceania, to city and peasant folks and to children creative works as well.The basis is the desire to achieve purity of views on life, which is the feature of consciousness, unspoilt by civilization. Besides the fact that primitivism was one of the leading art tendency of are in XX century, it determined stylistics of many different directions (such as expressionism, surrealism, etc) and became the integral part of their language of expression.The very term â€Å"primitivism† is also used in respect of so-called naà ¯ve art, it means to creative works of artists, who didn’t receive proper education, but who became participants of common art process (for example, French painter Henri Rousseau, Yugoslavian painter Ivan Generalich, etc).The main characteristic s of this art can be formulated by following words: â€Å"freshness and spontaneity of perception and creation†¦ real and non-affected naivety, life-asserting optimism and colorful folk, spontaneous pleasure of â€Å"amazement† and perception of environment, naturalness and organic of realism, possessing not only visibility but the essence of subject and event†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ostrovskiy, â€Å"About City Art Folk† – Soviet Fine Art’74, M., 1975, pp. 308-309).The main characteristic of primitivism is program simplifying of art. To crystallize, to clear the emotion you can also by way of simplification, some kind of idealization of subjects. Henri Russeau exhibited his paintings together with other impressionists.The naà ¯ve, childish judgment helps to clear up the final essence, to take away details which make the things more difficult and revulsive.This sincere impulse which is common to folk art receives art importance and status of the modern crea tive method. We need to add that primitivism helped to combine new art directions with folk traditions (outrage of clear color, figuration and ornaments) and with children painting, which is so dear to the heart of any person (paintings of P. Klee and some other German expressionists).Still, to tell the truth, approach of primitivism to masses is quite phantom in many respects: even folk art nowadays seems to consist of two layers: professional sees it in a different way. In fact, primitivism (especially one which approaches to children painting) is stylistic masking of expressionism.For example, paintings of genius Austrian expressionist Oscar Kokotka remind folk pictures only for specialists. M. Shagal has significantly simplified images of bourgeois which are closer to symbolism. The elevated style of his paintings show contrast with so-called illusive reality of provincial town because of his sketchiness of the painting.

Things That Annoy Me

Topic: things that annoy me in everyday life Things that annoy me? That's a question which each person has his own personal opinion on this Matter my personal one being different to many of other people. I'll tell you what annoys me everyday, rude people you go up to some people asking for directions in the city and the completely ignore you like you're not even there. Manners should be a basic in people's lives but apparently as I can see and experience almost everyday that's not the case. People are being brought up without manners in these days and its annoying me quite a lot.Noisy neighbors In the morning are also a problem since I do not begin university until later on in the morning however my neighbors who wake up to go to work also have noisy kids who decide to yell on their way outside the house so as a result I end up waking up way before I have to and having difficulties going back to sleep making me have slight sleep withdrawal symptoms in class. Another thing that annoys me in everyday life is when I get back to my apartment and want to relax after a stressful day by playing some online video games or want to surf the Internet to watch movies or listen to music and I have Internet connection issues.This frustrates me mostly since I have to get up off the couch figure out what the problem is try and fix it and if y attempts are unsuccessful I have to call the provider and wait on hold to talk to them and having to wait for them to come over and fix it which takes a few days. However even though there are a million things that annoy me in everyday life these are my main reasons. I have a million reasons that annoy me but I Also have select few reasons that make me want to wake up in the morning and start my day despite all thee negativites. By Nicholas Kiprianou

Hawthornes Quest for Perfection - 761 Words

Women in today’s world use many scientific measures to look young, beautiful, and perfect. Some women even undergo surgeries to perfect their bodies. True natural beauty comes from within one’s self and not what is on the outside. While critics argue that Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birth Mark,† â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment,† and â€Å"Rappaccinni’s Daughter† stand as an overt commentary on nature vs. science, Hawthorne actually uses these works to explore personal familial connections. First of all, these three short stores deal with nature and science, but when one delves deeper into the stories, it becomes apparent that Hawthorne actually explores relationships among family members. These three works of writing portray Hawthorne’s thematic writing†¦show more content†¦For example, In â€Å"The Birth Mark,† Hawthorne writes about a woman named Georgiana and her birthmark on her cheek. This actually symboli zes what goes on in his own life with his wife, Sophia. Hawthorne’s wife Sophia had a miscarriage and it caused him to undergo a â€Å"sexual panic and arrestment† (Marshall 38). When Hawthorne wrote â€Å"The Birth Mark,† it was written to disguise â€Å"sexual anxiety as cosmetology† (Marshall 38). This coincided with the virginity of women. Women who lose their virginity have a crimson stain hence the crimson birthmark on Georgiana’s cheek. Meanwhile, â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† focuses more on the human heart. Beatrice and Giovanni truly love each other even though they cannot physically be together. Even at her death she wants to save Giovanni. While she wants to save Giovanni, Hawthorne states, â€Å"he remains trapped in the situation that her death allows her to escape† (Wachtel). Giovanni is left alone and poisonous. Finally, â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment† revolves around the effects of science on nat ure. Dr. Heidegger uses science to make his old friends young once again. His friends drink the concoction he created and they all begin to immediately turn into the younger versions of themselves right before his eyes. The elixir only lasts for a little while and then his friends end up old once again. Science caused the people to be young for a little while but in the end the elixir wore off and they went back to their original selves. Growing old is a partShow MoreRelated Comparing Artist of the Beautiful, Rappaccinis Daughter, Birthmark and Prophetic Pictures1051 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Perfection in Artist of the Beautiful, Rappaccinis Daughter, Birthmark and Prophetic Pictures In four of Hawthornes stories there is a struggle for power and control as a vehicle to obtain perfection or beauty. In The Artist of the Beautiful, Rappaccinis Daughter, The Birthmark and The Prophetic Pictures the characters are controlled by their desire for perfection in their creations, but they do not achieve their goals without sacrifice. 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